French polishing is an age-old technique which involves applying a thin layer of shellac (a derivative from the lac insect) to wood surfaces to create a high-gloss finish.
Most often, it is used in furniture restoration, especially on antique pieces that are absent of their original lustre. This method, steeped in tradition, not only enhances the aesthetics of wood, but it’s also a form of art requiring skill, patience and attention to detail.
In this article, we will explore the history, benefits and process of French polishing, as well as some tips and tricks to achieve the best results.
History of French Polishing
The origin of French polishing is not distinct, but many sources suggest it was developed in France in the 18th century, during the reign of Louis XV. The technique was popularised by furniture makers who wanted to showcase their products’ fine craftsmanship and exotic wood grains. Soon, French polishing became a standard for finishing high-end furniture, musical instruments, and other luxury wooden items.
French polishing reached its peak popularity in the 19th century when it was widely used for Victorian and Edwardian furniture. However, its status declined in the 20th century due to the emergence of cheaper and faster methods of finishing wood, such as lacquering, varnishing and spraying.
Yet, today, French polishing is still practised by some furniture restorers and enthusiasts who still appreciate its aesthetic and historical value. One of the many reasons it’s gaining a comeback is because it’s considered an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic finishes, as it uses natural materials and solvents.
Benefits of French Polishing
French polishing has several advantages over other types of wood finishes, such as:
- Enhancing wood’s natural colour and bringing out its depth and richness.
- Creating a smooth surface that reflects light and gives a warm glow to the wood.
- Tolerating breathability and allowing the wood to adjust to humidity changes, preventing cracking and warping.
- Preserving the original sheen and character of antique furniture, adding to its authenticity and value.
Process of French Polishing
French polishing is a labour-intensive process involving the application of multiple thin shellac coats to wood surfaces using a cloth pad called a “rubber”. The rubber is made by wrapping a piece of cotton or wool cloth around a wad of cotton wool or other soft material such as foam. The rubber is then moistened with alcohol and shellac, which acts as a binder and a filler.
Using circular motions, the rubber is polished across the wood’s surface following the grain’s direction and the pressure and speed are adjusted according to the desired effect. The process consists of four main stages:
- Filling: This first stage aims to fill the pores and imperfections of the wood with shellac. The rubber is loaded with extra shellac than alcohol and rubbed vigorously on the wood surface. Completing this stage may take several hours or days, depending on the size and condition of the piece.
- Bodying: Here, the aim is to build up a thin layer of shellac on top of the filling. Hence, less shellac and more alcohol are used to rub gently on the wood’s surface. Depending on the desired thickness and glossiness of the finish, this stage may take several coats.
- Spiriting: This smoothens any streaks or marks left by rubbing. Depending on the quality of the finish, this stage may take one or two muti-day sessions.
- Finishing: The final stage polishes and perfect the finish. This time the rubber is applied with organic oil such as linseed or olive oil and gleams softly on the wood surface. Depending on the preference of the polisher, the finish may also take one or two sessions.
Conclusion
Whilst being an art form that can express creativity and skill, French polishing can also be a rewarding technique that restores the beauty and value of wooden furniture. With practice and patience, you can master this technique and enjoy its benefits.
For Londoners looking for the bespoke touch of French polishing London professionals, Schryver Restoration stands out as a beacon among many, with over five decades of furniture making and restoration expertise on their belt.